Field data · Program two of the lab · snapshot 2026-09-30

Civic Crypto

Stablecoins are the one part of crypto with real public-sector consequences right now, and this lab’s best first move is to write down predictions about Illinois’ new crypto tax, with probabilities, before it takes effect on January 1, 2027. This page is the status board, the village reading, and the register of three studies. None is registered yet, and the page says so.

This is research, not investment advice. The lab issues no token and sells no product. Figures are a dated snapshot and most came from secondary trackers; the first dataset replaces them with primary pulls. The second program of a public research lab; the first is Pingree Grove Studies.

$303B
stablecoin supply on Sep 10, 2026, with trackers 6.3% apart[src]
49–50
the cloture vote on the market-structure bill, 11 short of 60[src]
93 days
until the Illinois 0.2% digital asset tax takes effect, Jan 1, 2027[src]
The jargon decoder

Written for a village clerk first. Tap any term for the plain-English version.

01Three layers matter to public institutions

Of the five things bundled under “crypto,” only three touch public institutions today.

1
Stablecoins as payment rails
Dollar tokens backed by cash and Treasury bills. This is where law, money, and real adoption already meet.
Touches: Banks, Treasury demand, state money-transmitter law, and any village that pays or gets paid electronically.
2
Tokenized securities
Treasuries, money funds, and eventually municipal bonds recorded on a shared ledger instead of passing through layers of clearing intermediaries.
Touches: Public finance offices, bond counsel, and the small-issuer market where a village borrows.
3
On-chain records as civic data
Public ledgers make reserves and flows checkable by anyone. That matters to a research lab even if it never touches a token.
Touches: Auditors, journalists, and this lab: a reserve you can verify without asking the issuer.
Memecoins, NFTs, Exchange tokens: none of these has a public-institution case today. Bitcoin matters to governments mainly as a reserve-asset experiment. Texas, New Hampshire, Arizona passed reserve laws and only Texas has bought any, a $5M ETF stake it calls a placeholder.[src]

02Where things stand on Sep 30, 2026

The money is moving faster than the law: stablecoin supply sits near $303B while the federal rulebook is still a proposal and the market-structure bill has just failed. Each row carries a status that says how the figure was read. Secondhand means a tracker’s number reported by someone else, which is exactly what the lab’s first dataset replaces.

ItemStatusNote
Stablecoin supply
as of 2026-09-10
Measured
About $303B on Sept 10, with trackers ranging from $291B to $310B[src]
The spread between trackers is itself a measurement problem. USDT is about 60 percent of supply.
Stablecoins vs. the crypto price cycle
as of 2026-08
Measured
Supply held near $290B from Oct 2025 to Aug 2026 while Bitcoin fell more than 50%[src]
Supply held near 290 billion dollars while Bitcoin fell more than 50 percent. Supply has decoupled from speculation.
Tokenized US Treasuries
as of 2026-07
Secondhand
About $15.9B in July, up from $8.9B on Jan 1[src]
RWA.xyz data, reported secondhand. Treasuries are the largest tokenized asset class.
GENIUS Act rules
as of 2026-09-24
Proposed
Fed proposed two rules Sept 24, with comments due 60 days after Federal Register publication[src][src][src]
Agencies missed the July 18, 2026 deadline for final rules. The law bars issuers from paying yield.
GENIUS effective date
as of 2026-09-30
Pending
Earlier of 18 months after enactment or 120 days after final rules[src][src][src]
Eighteen months after July 2025 enactment is Jan 18, 2027, so that is the latest it can be.
CLARITY Act
as of 2026-09-15
Failed
Senate cloture failed 49 to 50 on Sept 15[src]
Needed 60. The SEC and CFTC say they will proceed under existing authority.
Illinois Digital Asset Tax
as of 2026-09-30
Enacted
0.2% of transaction value, effective Jan 1, 2027[src][src][src]
Signed June 16 in SB 3019. A repeal bill (HB 5798) and two lawsuits are pending.
Wyoming FRNT
as of 2026-08-29
Measured
About 968,000 tokens against about $968,000 in reserves on Aug 29[src][src][src]
Held under a 1 million dollar cap during buildout. The only US state-issued stablecoin.
1.79×
tokenized Treasuries, Jan 1 to July ($8.9B to $15.9B)[src]
Jan 18, 2027
18 months after the Jul 18, 2025 enactment: the latest the federal law can take effect
100%
FRNT reserves to tokens in the snapshot, against a 102% statutory floor. One report cites both the 102 percent requirement and reserves roughly equal to supply, so the primary attestations must settle it.

Supply held near $290B from 2025-10 to 2026-08 while Bitcoin fell more than 50%.[src] That decoupling is why this page treats stablecoins, and not the price cycle, as the civic story.

03What it means for a village and for Illinois

For a village like Pingree Grove, crypto’s near-term effects are indirect: they run through banks, bond markets, and state tax law, not through accepting tokens.

Banks
Author’s inference
Governments issuing 10 million dollars or less can sell tax-exempt bonds directly to local banks as bank-qualified debt, so community bank health touches small-issuer borrowing.[src][src][src][src]
The deposit-flight fight is unsettled: community bankers warn of up to 6.6 trillion dollars in deposits at risk, the Council of Economic Advisers finds a small effect, and a New York Fed staff model shows large losses only if stablecoins pay competitive yield.
The link from deposit flight to village borrowing costs is the author's inference and untested.
Wyoming's state token
It is real, small, and deliberate. The state allocated 6 million dollars to build it, routes reserve income to schools, and aims to cut card fees on vendor payments.[src][src][src]
Its revenue is interest on reserves, so falling rates shrink it. It is the one public reference implementation to study.
Illinois
The 0.2 percent tax is the first of its kind, which makes Illinois a natural experiment.[src][src]
It sits on top of the 2025 registration law for digital asset businesses.
Tokenized munis
Author’s inference
The pitch is faster settlement and small-dollar local ownership.[src][src]
An advocacy paper claims 150 basis points of savings, which could not be corroborated, and no US municipal case with measured savings was found. Japan is the live test, with a bill to let local governments issue digital bonds.
The 150 basis point claim is uncorroborated and is carried here as a claim, not a figure.
Land records
None of the major land projects made a blockchain the sole legal record of ownership.[src][src]
In a European Commission dataset more than half of government blockchain initiatives remain pilots.

04The strongest bull and bear cases

The bull case wins on Treasury demand and the bear case wins on payments and records, which gives the lab testable hypotheses instead of a verdict.

QuestionStrongest bull caseStrongest bear case
Payments
Leans bear
Supply held near 290 billion dollars through a 50 percent Bitcoin drawdown, and transfers topped 90 trillion dollars in a year.[src]The BIS estimates only 1.1 percent of 2025 stablecoin volume was payments, and Tether and Circle hold about 90 percent of supply.[src]
Public finance
Leans bull
Reserves create steady demand for T-bills, and Citi projects 0.5 to 3.7 trillion dollars of supply by 2030.[src][src]A stablecoin run has no federal backstop, which invites ad hoc bailouts as with money funds.[src]
Local banks
Open
The Council of Economic Advisers finds the effect of a yield ban on community lending is small.[src]Rewards paid through affiliates are not barred, so deposits could migrate to large issuers that do not lend locally.[src][src]
Records and government
Leans bear
Wyoming now publishes reserve data on-chain, so anyone can verify backing.[src]Projects pitched as replacing a legal system of record tend to stay pilots.[src][src]

05The scoring rule

A prediction only counts if it was written down, with a probability, before the outcome. Try it on the four Illinois outcomes. Set your probabilities, then lock them: that is the registration moment, and after it only the world can move. Then flip outcomes and read the Brier score. Always saying 50 percent scores 0.25 no matter what happens; the only way to beat it is to commit, and the only way to be caught is to commit wrong.

Study 1 · Illinois crypto tax forecast
Draft: not yet locked
The tax takes effect on January 1, 2027 without an injunction.
The repeal bill (HB 5798) fails before the tax takes effect.
A court rules on at least one of the two lawsuits by a set date.
The date is a placeholder to be fixed at registration.
At least one of the Illinois-based firms named in coverage announces a move out of state.
Brier score · 0 of 4 resolved
..
Resolve at least one outcome to score the forecast.
0 = perfect · the mark is the hedge line at 0.25 · 1 = confidently wrong
Nothing you set here is stored or sent. The lab’s own probabilities appear in Study 1 below once it is registered on OSF, and they are scored the same way after Jan 1, 2027.

06Three first studies

Start with the Illinois forecast because it has a hard deadline, then audit Wyoming continuously, then test whether crypto’s claimed payments benefit exists in villages at all. Treat every threshold as a placeholder, and set it before touching the data. That ordering is what preregistration buys.

1Illinois crypto tax forecast
Register by Oct 21, 2026
Start here because it has a hard deadline. OSF template: Theory-based Predictions.
Dated probabilities for four outcomes about the first tax of its kind, written down before January 1, 2027.
Draft predictions
  1. The tax takes effect on January 1, 2027 without an injunction. p: set at registration
  2. The repeal bill (HB 5798) fails before the tax takes effect. p: set at registration
  3. A court rules on at least one of the two lawsuits by a set date. p: set at registration
    The date is a placeholder to be fixed at registration.
  4. At least one of the Illinois-based firms named in coverage announces a move out of state. p: set at registration
Data and timing
  • Sangamon County court docket
  • Illinois General Assembly bill status for SB 3019 and HB 5798
  • Firm announcements
Registration
Not yet registered. Register by Oct 21, 2026 on OSF Registries; resolve by Mar 31, 2027. A test in the site’s build fails once the register-by date and its 3-day grace have both passed with this block still empty.
2Wyoming stable token audit
Register by Nov 30, 2026
Then audit Wyoming continuously. OSF template: Preregistration.
FRNT reserves stay at or above the 102 percent statutory level, and supply stays under 1 million dollars until the state announces a change.
Draft predictions
  1. Daily reserves stay at or above 102 percent of supply across the window. p: set at registration
  2. Supply stays under the 1 million dollar cap until the commission announces a change. p: set at registration
Data and timing
  • Daily on-chain supply
  • The Proof of Reserve feed
  • Commission attestations
Dataset published from day one.
Registration
Not yet registered. Register by Nov 30, 2026 on OSF Registries; resolve by Jun 30, 2027. A test in the site’s build fails once the register-by date and its 3-day grace have both passed with this block still empty.
3Village payment cost baseline
Register by Dec 31, 2026
Then test whether crypto's claimed payments benefit exists in villages at all. OSF template: Preregistration.
Card and processing fees are a small share of village revenue, which would weaken the case for a stablecoin payments pilot.
Draft predictions
  1. Card and processing fees are below a placeholder share of revenue in a majority of the sampled villages. p: set at registration
    The share is a placeholder to be fixed at registration, before any budget is opened.
Data and timing
  • Audited budgets and annual financial reports for 5 to 10 Illinois villages
  • Public records requests for merchant statements
Start with: villages whose finances the lab already knows well.
Registration
Not yet registered. Register by Dec 31, 2026 on OSF Registries; resolve by Jun 30, 2027. A test in the site’s build fails once the register-by date and its 3-day grace have both passed with this block still empty.

0790-day plan to the January 1 gate

Register Study 1 by Oct 21, 2026, publish the Wyoming dataset in November, and have three registrations and one preprint on record before the Illinois tax takes effect. Every box below is derived: a registration milestone reads its study’s block, the disclosure milestone reads the disclosure, and the build fails once any date and its 3-day grace have passed with nothing recorded.

✓ Done: 1– Skipped: 0○ Scheduled: 14◔ Due: 0✗ Overdue: 0as of 2026-09-30
October
○
Create an OSF project and a Zenodo community for lab datasets
By Oct 7, 2026
○
Publish the standing disclosure: clients and holdings declared, reviewer named
By Oct 7, 2026
○
Draft Study 1 predictions with probabilities, thresholds set before any data collection
By Oct 14, 2026
○
Register Study 1 on OSF
By Oct 21, 2026
✓
Launch one lab page on jakelawrence.xyz that links the registration
By Oct 31, 2026 · done 2026-10-01 · This page. It links the registration the moment one exists.
November
○
Start the daily FRNT snapshot and publish dataset v0.1 on Zenodo with a datasheet and an open license
By Nov 30, 2026
○
Register Study 2 on OSF
By Nov 30, 2026
○
Publish the first garden note, labeled seedling, explaining stablecoins for a village clerk
By Nov 30, 2026
○
Pick 5 villages and start collecting budgets for Study 3
By Nov 30, 2026
December
○
Register Study 3 on OSF
By Dec 31, 2026
○
Post the Study 1 protocol as a preprint on an OSF-hosted server
By Dec 31, 2026
○
List candidate arXiv endorsers but do not ask until a finished paper exists
By Dec 31, 2026
○
Freeze the Study 1 page and publish a note on what the lab will watch
By Dec 31, 2026
Then
○
Illinois tax takes effect, so log outcomes against the registered predictions
Legal date Jan 1, 2027
○
Latest date the GENIUS Act can take effect, so score the federal side of the forecast
Legal date Jan 18, 2027
93 days
Illinois tax takes effect: Jan 1, 2027
110 days
Latest GENIUS effective date: Jan 18, 2027

08The lab: five surfaces, one rule

Treat jakelawrence.xyz as the front door and put everything citable in a permanent outside home, because the site has no audience yet and DOIs and registrations are what make work credible on day one.

Decision: name and placement
One lab, two programs. Pingree Grove Studies is program one and Civic Crypto is program two; both sit in the research catalog's field-data series, and this page is the second program's hub.
SurfaceWhat lives therePermanent home
RegistryPreregistrations and dated predictionsOSF Registries, which time-stamps a read-only plan and assigns a DOI
DatasetsVersioned open data, each with a datasheet and licenseZenodo, which mints a DOI per deposit and keeps a concept DOI across versions
PapersProtocols, preprints, final reportsOSF community preprint servers now, arXiv once endorsed
GardenEssays and evolving notes, each labeled seedling, budding, or evergreen with a last-tended datejakelawrence.xyz
ExperimentsLive public trackers and instruments, code openjakelawrence.xyz, with the repo public

Two design choices make it a lab rather than a blog. Every essay links to the registration and dataset it rests on. Every dataset links back to the essays that used it. Pingree Grove Studies is the first research program inside the lab, and civic crypto is the second.

Getting published: OSF and Zenodo first, arXiv second

Register on OSF and deposit on Zenodo now. Treat arXiv as a later step, because its rules since January 21, 2026 favor people who already have an arXiv record or a personal endorser.

OSF preregistration[src]
OSF offers a general Preregistration, the eight-question AsPredicted form, a qualitative template, and a Theory-based Predictions template for logging predictions before outcomes are known. A registration is time-stamped and read-only.
The Illinois forecast fits the predictions template.
Zenodo[src]
It has no preregistration feature but is the right place for finished datasets and code releases, each with a DOI.
Every dataset the lab publishes.
arXiv endorsement[src][src]
Since January 21, 2026 a new submitter needs both an institutional email and prior authorship in that endorsement domain, or a personal endorsement from an established author in the same domain. An institutional email alone no longer qualifies, and arXiv staff cannot endorse.
A secondary report adds that computer science surveys and position papers need documented prior peer review. The policy post says nothing of the kind, so verify that rule before choosing a category.

Practical path: Preprint the protocol and first results on an OSF-hosted community server, then ask authors of the closest prior work for an arXiv endorsement once a finished paper exists. A likely fit is cs.CY (computers and society) or econ.GN (general economics), which is stated from general knowledge and not checked.

Standing disclosure and the three guardrails
  • No investment advice.
  • No token or product of the lab's own.
  • No advocacy inside the research pages. Essays can argue; registrations and datasets do not.
The author works full time in applied AI at an employer that, by the site's standing policy, is never named here and is never the subject of this work. Nothing on this page draws on it.
Consulting clients
Not yet declared
Crypto holdings
Not yet declared
Human reviewer
Not yet declared
Declare by Oct 7, 2026 (3-day grace, then the build fails). The reviewer reads protocols before registration, and a faculty contact is the natural arXiv endorser later.

09Sources, and how this page stays honest

Three pages were opened in full in the original reading; the rest were read as search excerpts, so treat their figures as approximate until the lab pulls primary data. Stablecoin supply and tokenized Treasury totals come from secondary trackers, and the lab’s first dataset pulls them directly from the feeds below. A source marked verified was checked against the primary document on the date shown, and what was found is written beside it.

Primary feeds the lab pulls from
DefiLlama stablecoinsStablecoin supply, daily
RWA.xyzTokenized Treasuries, daily
Federal Reserve press releasesGENIUS Act rulemaking
Federal RegisterThe proposed rule and its comment docket
Congress.govCLARITY Act status and roll calls
Illinois General AssemblySB 3019 and HB 5798 status
Sangamon County Circuit ClerkThe two lawsuits against the Illinois tax
Wyoming Stable Token CommissionFRNT attestations and reserve reports
OSF RegistriesTime-stamped, read-only preregistrations with a DOI
ZenodoVersioned dataset deposits with a concept DOI
Opened in full (5)
Read end to end on the run date.
Fed proposes stablecoin rules under GENIUS Act
American Banker · 2026-09-25 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System · 2026-09-24 · verified 2026-10-01
Primary press release. Two proposals (reserve backing and capital standards; a tailored application process for Board-supervised banks); comments due 60 days after Federal Register publication.
Illinois enacts tax on digital asset business activity
PwC · 2026-07-31 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Wyoming FRNT adopts Chainlink Proof of Reserve
Genfinity · 2026-09-03 · link attached when verified against a primary document
arXiv (blog) · 2026-01-21 · verified 2026-10-01
An institutional email is no longer the sole qualifier; a new author needs it plus prior authorship in the endorsement domain, or a personal endorsement from an established author in that domain. arXiv staff cannot waive or provide endorsement. Nothing on this page about surveys or position papers needing prior peer review; that claim stays unverified.
Read as an excerpt (26)
Read as a search excerpt. Treat the figure as approximate until the lab pulls primary data.
Stablecoin supply tracker
Stablecoin Beat · 2026-09 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Stablecoin supply through the 2025-2026 drawdown
The Block Research, via KuCoin · 2026-09 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Tokenized US Treasuries, RWA.xyz data
Streamlinefeed and KuCoin, reporting RWA.xyz · 2026-08 · link attached when verified against a primary document
GENIUS Act guide
Paul Hastings · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
CLARITY Act cloture failure
Troutman · 2026-09 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Digital assets update
Gibson Dunn · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Illinois signs the digital asset tax
Crypto Times · 2026-06 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Wyoming stable token coverage
Wyoming Public Media · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Wyoming stable token and vendor payments
Payments Dive · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Bond modernization
GFOA · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Community bank letter on stablecoin deposit flight
American Bankers Association · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Report on stablecoins and community bank lending
White House Council of Economic Advisers · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
New York Fed staff model of stablecoin deposit competition
Forbes, reporting the New York Fed · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Stablecoins and the Treasury market
Brookings · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Digital assets and public finance
Congressional Research Service · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Illinois digital asset tax and the 2025 registration law
Chicago business attorney blog · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Japan bill to let local governments issue digital bonds
CoinGeek · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Tokenized municipal bond savings claim
Proof of Talk · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Review of government blockchain land-record projects
MDPI · 2025 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Government blockchain initiatives dataset
European Commission · 2025 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Share of stablecoin volume that is payments
Bank for International Settlements · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Stablecoin supply projection to 2030
Citi · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
State bitcoin reserve laws
CNBC · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
Center for Open Science · 2026 · verified 2026-10-01
Template list read on the help page: OSF Preregistration, the AsPredicted template, Qualitative Preregistration, Theory-based Predictions and ten others. A registration is a frozen copy that cannot be edited or deleted; a public one gets a DOI on approval.
Zenodo and OSF compared
CASRAI · 2026 · link attached when verified against a primary document
arXiv · 2026 · verified 2026-10-01
Help page read in full; it points to the January 21, 2026 policy post for the change.
Method

Every figure here is a constant in a downloadable dataset, keyed to its source and the source’s access level. The derived numbers (the tracker spread, the Treasury multiple, the Jan 18, 2027 latest effective date, the cloture shortfall, the FRNT reserve ratio, the day counts, the Brier scores) come from small pure functions, and the site’s tests re-run them in CI. The three studies carry registration blocks that start empty; a test reads the real clock and fails once a register-by date passes with neither a DOI nor a dated skip, so a green build cannot mean nothing was due. CC BY 4.0. Refresh cadence: quarterly, and immediately after each of the two legal dates (2027-01-01 and 2027-01-18) to score the registered predictions.

Where this sits in the research program

Program two of the lab, beside Pingree Grove Studies. The counting discipline comes from How Would I Know?, the field-data method from The Legibility Gap, and the reading of public ledgers as civic data follows What the State Keeps. The full catalog is at /research.

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