{ "meta": { "title": "Counting the Killings", "series": "Counting the Killings", "kind": "Field Data", "subject": "How the United States counts the people its police kill, and who does the counting", "updated": "2026-07-23", "nextReview": "2026-10", "cadence": "Quarterly, or when a primary source publishes a new annual figure.", "refreshLog": [ { "date": "2026-07-23", "summary": "Disparity layer (v0.4.0). Added DISPARITY: the racial disparity as each counter itself publishes it, under its own rule. The Post's fatal-shooting rates (6.1 vs 2.4 per million per year, 2015-2024), MPV's 2024 likelihood ratio (2.9x), and the Lancet/GBD age-standardized reconstruction (0.69 vs 0.20 per 100,000, 1980-2019, with all four group rates carried). Where a row carries both rates the published ratio re-derives live. Carried strictly as a measurement finding with no causal position; the essay names the benchmark debate and leaves it open. The release grows from nine tables to ten." }, { "date": "2026-07-22", "summary": "Verified-claims layer (v0.3.0). Added three sourced blocks that complete the series' strongest argument. FEDERAL_VALIDATION: the government's own statisticians already validated the open-source method, the BJS-sponsored assessment found the old Arrest-Related Deaths program captured at best 49 percent of law-enforcement homicides (collection suspended 2014), and the redesigned media-based pilot then identified 1,348 potential arrest-related deaths in ten months and estimated about 1,900 for the year. STRATIFIED_UNDERCOUNT: the Lancet/GBD misclassification broken out by group (highest for Black Americans at 59.4 percent, with every group's figures re-deriving and reconciling to the study totals). INTERNATIONAL: the Prison Policy Initiative cross-country rates per 10 million (US 33.5, more than three times the next-highest peer), carried with the explicit caveat that every country counts under a different definition, which is the series' own point. The release grows from six tables to nine." }, { "date": "2026-07-22", "summary": "Record-level layer (v0.2.0). Added the overlap analysis, computed from Mapping Police Violence's own linkage columns (each MPV record carries a WaPo ID and, through 2021, a Fatal Encounters ID), so the three-list overlap needs no fuzzy matching. The finding: by 2015-2021 the civilian trackers converged, agreeing on more than 99 percent of cases, and the residual gap is definitional (about 50 non-shooting killings a year the Post's rule omits). A two-source capture-recapture on these lists is invalid (nested, non-independent, shown by a degenerate confidence interval); the valid undercount estimate comes from the GBD study, which found US vital statistics missed 55.5 percent of police-violence deaths." }, { "date": "2026-07-22", "summary": "Rigor pass (v0.1.1). Replaced the sparse, partly secondary-sourced annual figures with a complete matrix aggregated directly from each project's primary dataset: WaPo fatal shootings 2015-2024 (all 10,430 records) and MPV all-killings 2013-2024 (15,437 records). This corrected several figures (2019 fatal shootings is 993, not the 1,004 previously carried). Reframed the definition gap as the decade-long WaPo-vs-MPV difference (MPV builds on WaPo and adds non-shooting killings). Split the FBI series into distinct officer-coverage and agency-participation tables. Added a methodology and limitations doc." }, { "date": "2026-07-21", "summary": "Initial publication (v0.1.0). Cataloged the five independent counters, folded in the Washington Post's decade close-out (fatal-shooting tracking ended 31 December 2024, more than 10,000 people recorded), Mapping Police Violence's record killing count for 2024, and the FBI Use-of-Force collection first clearing its 80 percent officer-coverage release threshold in 2024. Established the quarterly refresh cadence." } ] }, "release": { "version": "v0.4.0", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "downloadBase": "/downloads/police-shootings/v0.4.0", "sha256": { "datasets.json": "4c1cee2264500c672220ed54f181eebe52a0b95616f48c7cb4f20d5e10742c4e", "datasets.csv": "bcaeecd36e731b0c5d899e95b8c6dea6309d144b55d64bdf67e342dc7e42762d", "annual.json": "913238269b8b08e46fc8dfc2b74384ccb6f3106abe52bee6fddc27598d16261a", "annual.csv": "19592c3c3f12d88e0338afe1b41dcd639d071ed63fb2e31f29153e9fe7667916", "officer_coverage.json": "bba4c9e917165b7a7c6d3aa18434460a29a12576931000fed35ab39c79ad1b9a", "officer_coverage.csv": "7dd4c4d0a0d97690e7959ba108fbdc3e191a628f9c3f90c034b938ae8003ef72", "agency_coverage.json": "81f5f3f07c1e869610b5a4d43eceae403037bcfeaa251188c18c963742da4dfc", "agency_coverage.csv": "8f4d48bbff7733b13b02f5bde16558e00ebb05ceea11969181f27b9b3aa5c497", "overlap.json": "d2a560f0e849e04f157de282176ff329bf5c064b5fa6deee2fbf6f0bb5fc3b7a", "overlap.csv": "26bd97ebba40093ef7801f1b149c33eb630d05244c423dae7742792d4f63e2bc", "federal_validation.json": "2a4abd2c1cf182729cf4c9e85cf1a9c0468ad9b67def962e63ee52d20e86b98e", "federal_validation.csv": "aff353bf94fcfed275622b60d182b3ad4bc391f9f24342592609a7cb2860e5c2", "stratified_undercount.json": "4966ebefa6d21fad50f72348886ed1a684a4c7ae8caccd395218aa378e8b3bcd", "stratified_undercount.csv": "f29d53f30dde5d830a72b43da57f3e54f17a43eb6d02fe59c71ed9d1b3077fa0", "international.json": "1369386dff3b19d4a6fd00c3904672d7fffc7e407de22ac4e9c74901d164a7e9", "international.csv": "99dd6bd132d492eed66bfa5f978220819fc66daac2ff3ee1e7d1d9650142a124", "disparity.json": "6640d6d23702133dae451f3e115d150603d4566a831d0ad9ac21478465e43333", "disparity.csv": "4774242cf6a3f976dc8902bebdf957788d85cdbc8580a7f878b29ec9149f23ee", "sources.json": "a1e9c7a8ec14905ea19e8644d45475df1f0f03208d61880a980b34b19f7168e9", "sources.csv": "079304856949148e359be3b90a3d97a29fd3f44300e901f01fe76c2c754eb155" } }, "sources": { "wapo_ff": { "id": "wapo_ff", "title": "Fatal Force: police shootings database (README and methodology)", "publisher": "The Washington Post", "url": "https://github.com/washingtonpost/data-police-shootings", "published": "2025-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "open-database", "cadence": "Static since tracking ended 2024-12-31" }, "wapo_db": { "id": "wapo_db", "title": "Police shootings database 2015-2024: search by race, age, department", "publisher": "The Washington Post", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/", "published": "2025-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "interactive-database", "cadence": "Static (2015-2024 window frozen)" }, "mpv": { "id": "mpv", "title": "Mapping Police Violence", "publisher": "Campaign Zero", "url": "https://mappingpoliceviolence.us/", "published": "2026-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "activist-database", "cadence": "Continuous" }, "mpv_2024": { "id": "mpv_2024", "title": "Mapping Police Violence: 2024 Was the Deadliest Year for Police Violence", "publisher": "Campaign Zero", "url": "https://campaignzero.org/research/mapping-police-violence-2024-was-the-deadliest-year-for-police-violence/", "published": "2025-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "annual-report", "cadence": "Annual (year-end)" }, "fatal_encounters": { "id": "fatal_encounters", "title": "Fatal Encounters: a searchable national database of people killed during interactions with police", "publisher": "Fatal Encounters (D. Brian Burghart)", "url": "https://fatalencounters.org/", "published": "2021-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "crowd-sourced-database", "cadence": "Volunteer updates wound down after 2021" }, "fbi_uof": { "id": "fbi_uof", "title": "National Use-of-Force Data Collection", "publisher": "Federal Bureau of Investigation (UCR)", "url": "https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/use-of-force", "published": "2026-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "federal-collection", "cadence": "Quarterly participation updates" }, "fbi_pr_2022": { "id": "fbi_pr_2022", "title": "FBI Releases Third Quarter 2022 Statistics from the National Use-of-Force Data Collection", "publisher": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "url": "https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/fbi-releases-third-quarter-2022-statistics-from-the-national-use-of-force-data-collection", "published": "2022-12-05", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "press-release", "cadence": "Quarterly" }, "usafacts_uof": { "id": "usafacts_uof", "title": "What the data says about law enforcement use of force", "publisher": "USAFacts", "url": "https://usafacts.org/articles/what-the-data-says-about-law-enforcement-use-of-force/", "published": "2026-02-05", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "analysis", "cadence": "Occasional" }, "guardian_counted": { "id": "guardian_counted", "title": "The Counted: people killed by police in the US", "publisher": "The Guardian", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database", "published": "2017-01-01", "accessed": "2026-07-21", "kind": "interactive-database", "cadence": "Ended after 2016" }, "lancet_gbd": { "id": "lancet_gbd", "title": "Fatal police violence by race and state in the USA, 1980-2019: a network meta-regression", "publisher": "GBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational Collaborators, The Lancet", "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01609-3/fulltext", "published": "2021-10-02", "accessed": "2026-07-22", "kind": "peer-reviewed-study", "cadence": "One-time (1980-2019)" }, "bjs_ard_assessment": { "id": "bjs_ard_assessment", "title": "Arrest-Related Deaths Program Assessment: Technical Report (Banks et al., NCJ 248543)", "publisher": "RTI International for the Bureau of Justice Statistics", "url": "https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/arrest-related-deaths-program-assessment-technical-report", "published": "2015-03-01", "accessed": "2026-07-22", "kind": "technical-report", "cadence": "One-time (assessment of 2003-2009, 2011)" }, "bjs_ard_redesign": { "id": "bjs_ard_redesign", "title": "Arrest-Related Deaths Program Redesign Study, 2015-16: Preliminary Findings (Banks, Ruddle, Kennedy, Planty; NCJ 250112)", "publisher": "Bureau of Justice Statistics", "url": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/arrest-related-deaths-program-redesign-study-2015-16-preliminary-findings", "published": "2016-12-15", "accessed": "2026-07-22", "kind": "technical-report", "cadence": "One-time (pilot, June 2015 to May 2016)" }, "ppi_intl": { "id": "ppi_intl", "title": "Not just 'a few bad apples': U.S. police kill civilians at much higher rates than other countries", "publisher": "Prison Policy Initiative", "url": "https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/06/05/policekillings/", "published": "2020-06-05", "accessed": "2026-07-22", "kind": "analysis", "cadence": "One-time (rates as of 2017-2019)" } }, "datasets": [ { "id": "wapo", "name": "Fatal Force", "operator": "The Washington Post", "kind": "Newspaper", "scope": "Fatal shootings by an on-duty police officer only. Excludes deaths in custody, off-duty shootings, and every non-shooting death (Tasers, restraint, vehicles).", "counts": "Fatal police shootings", "span": "2015-2024", "status": "Ended (tracking stopped 2024-12-31)", "method": "Local news, public records, and original reporting, incident by incident.", "license": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0", "url": "https://github.com/washingtonpost/data-police-shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "id": "mpv", "name": "Mapping Police Violence", "operator": "Campaign Zero", "kind": "Activist", "scope": "All people killed by police by any means, including off-duty officers and deaths in custody. Broader than shootings.", "counts": "All police killings", "span": "2013-present", "status": "Active", "method": "Media reports, obituaries, public records, and other databases, reconciled.", "license": "Free for non-commercial use with attribution", "url": "https://mappingpoliceviolence.us/", "src": "mpv" }, { "id": "fatal_encounters", "name": "Fatal Encounters", "operator": "D. Brian Burghart and volunteers", "kind": "Volunteer", "scope": "All deaths during interactions with police, by any cause. The widest net of the five, and the one that seeded the others.", "counts": "All deaths in police contact", "span": "2000-2021", "status": "Volunteer updates wound down after 2021", "method": "Crowd-sourced, public-records requests, paid research, manually verified.", "license": "Free to download and reuse", "url": "https://fatalencounters.org/", "src": "fatal_encounters" }, { "id": "fbi", "name": "National Use-of-Force Data Collection", "operator": "Federal Bureau of Investigation", "kind": "Federal", "scope": "All uses of force resulting in death or serious bodily injury, or the discharge of a firearm at a person. Voluntary agency participation, so its totals stay sealed until coverage is high enough.", "counts": "Use-of-force incidents", "span": "2019-present", "status": "Active, but thresholded", "method": "Voluntary agency submissions to the UCR program.", "license": "Public data (federal)", "url": "https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/use-of-force", "src": "fbi_uof" }, { "id": "guardian", "name": "The Counted", "operator": "The Guardian", "kind": "Newspaper", "scope": "All killings by law enforcement, including shootings, Tasers, vehicles, and custody deaths. A two-year effort that ran alongside the early Post database.", "counts": "All police killings", "span": "2015-2016", "status": "Ended after 2016", "method": "Reporting plus reader submissions, verified against public records.", "license": "Journalistic database", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database", "src": "guardian_counted" } ], "annual": [ { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2015, "count": 995, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2016, "count": 959, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2017, "count": 984, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2018, "count": 992, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2019, "count": 993, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2020, "count": 1021, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2021, "count": 1050, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2022, "count": 1097, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2023, "count": 1164, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "wapo", "year": 2024, "count": 1175, "scope": "Fatal shootings", "src": "wapo_ff" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2013, "count": 1075, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2014, "count": 1039, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2015, "count": 1099, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2016, "count": 1065, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2017, "count": 1091, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2018, "count": 1138, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2019, "count": 1099, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2020, "count": 1161, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2021, "count": 1148, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2022, "count": 1204, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2023, "count": 1248, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv" }, { "dataset": "mpv", "year": 2024, "count": 1270, "scope": "All killings", "src": "mpv", "note": "Dataset snapshot accessed 2026-07-22. MPV's January 2025 year-end report cited at least 1,365 for 2024; a living crowd-sourced dataset drifts from point-in-time report headlines, which is part of what this study measures." }, { "dataset": "guardian", "year": 2015, "count": 1146, "scope": "All killings", "src": "guardian_counted" }, { "dataset": "guardian", "year": 2016, "count": 1093, "scope": "All killings", "src": "guardian_counted" } ], "headlines": { "wapoDecadeTotal": 10430, "wapoDecadeTotalSrc": "wapo_ff", "wapoDecadeNote": "10,430 people over 2015-2024 (the full v2 dataset, aggregated), an average above 1,000 a year, with 2024 the highest annual count on record.", "faTotalSince2000": 28000, "faTotalSince2000Src": "fatal_encounters", "faNote": "More than 28,000 records reaching back to January 2000, the deepest history of the five.", "fbiUndercountThird": 3, "fbiUndercountThirdSrc": "wapo_ff", "fbiUndercountNote": "By the Post's account, the FBI in 2021 logged only about a third of the fatal shootings the Post documented." }, "officerCoverage": [ { "year": 2019, "officerPct": 46, "src": "usafacts_uof", "note": "First reporting year of the program." }, { "year": 2022, "officerPct": 53, "src": "fbi_pr_2022", "note": "Share of sworn officers employed by participating agencies." }, { "year": 2024, "officerPct": 80, "src": "usafacts_uof", "note": "First year clearing the 80 percent release threshold, in the program's sixth year." }, { "year": 2025, "officerPct": 78, "src": "usafacts_uof", "note": "Fell back below the threshold the following year." } ], "agencyCoverage": [ { "year": 2022, "agencyPct": 37, "src": "fbi_pr_2022", "note": "Roughly 6,750 of about 18,500 agencies. Far below officer-coverage the same year (53 percent), because large departments participate and small ones do not." } ], "coverageThreshold": 80, "overlap": [ { "year": 2015, "mpv": 1099, "inWaPo": 994, "inFE": 1096, "inBoth": 994, "mpvOnly": 105, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 71, "mpvOnlyShooting": 34, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2016, "mpv": 1065, "inWaPo": 959, "inFE": 1064, "inBoth": 959, "mpvOnly": 106, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 54, "mpvOnlyShooting": 52, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2017, "mpv": 1091, "inWaPo": 981, "inFE": 1087, "inBoth": 981, "mpvOnly": 110, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 47, "mpvOnlyShooting": 63, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2018, "mpv": 1138, "inWaPo": 984, "inFE": 1138, "inBoth": 984, "mpvOnly": 154, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 44, "mpvOnlyShooting": 110, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2019, "mpv": 1099, "inWaPo": 988, "inFE": 1091, "inBoth": 987, "mpvOnly": 111, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 50, "mpvOnlyShooting": 61, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2020, "mpv": 1161, "inWaPo": 1009, "inFE": 1142, "inBoth": 1008, "mpvOnly": 152, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 59, "mpvOnlyShooting": 93, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2021, "mpv": 1148, "inWaPo": 1035, "inFE": 1124, "inBoth": 1027, "mpvOnly": 113, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 45, "mpvOnlyShooting": 68, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2022, "mpv": 1204, "inWaPo": 1093, "inFE": null, "inBoth": null, "mpvOnly": 111, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 45, "mpvOnlyShooting": 66, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2023, "mpv": 1248, "inWaPo": 1164, "inFE": null, "inBoth": null, "mpvOnly": 84, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 52, "mpvOnlyShooting": 32, "src": "mpv" }, { "year": 2024, "mpv": 1270, "inWaPo": 1174, "inFE": null, "inBoth": null, "mpvOnly": 96, "mpvOnlyNonShooting": 60, "mpvOnlyShooting": 36, "src": "mpv" } ], "captureRecapture": { "demo": { "year": 2019, "list1": "WaPo fatal shootings", "n1": 988, "list2": "Fatal Encounters", "n2": 1091, "both": 987, "estimator": "Chapman", "nHat": 1092, "ci": [ 1091, 1093 ], "note": "The near-zero CI width is the tell: WaPo shootings are nested inside FE, so independence fails and the estimate is not a valid total. Shown as a caution, not a finding.", "src": "mpv" }, "external": { "source": "GBD 2019 (The Lancet)", "underreportPct": 55.5, "missed": 17100, "total": 30800, "span": "1980-2018", "modeled2019": 1190, "note": "The US National Vital Statistics System, the government's own mortality data, failed to attribute 17,100 of an estimated 30,800 deaths from police violence to the police. The correction came from the civilian databases in this release.", "src": "lancet_gbd" } }, "federalValidation": { "assessment": { "item": "ard_assessment", "program": "Arrest-Related Deaths (BJS)", "capturedAtBestPct": 49, "assessedSpan": "2003-2009, 2011", "suspendedYear": 2014, "note": "The BJS-sponsored assessment (Banks et al. 2015) found the Arrest-Related Deaths program captured, at best, 49 percent of law-enforcement homicides over the assessed years. BJS suspended the collection in 2014 because of the undercount.", "src": "bjs_ard_assessment" }, "redesign": { "item": "ard_redesign_pilot", "method": "Hybrid: standardized open-source (media) review, confirmed by agency and medical-examiner surveys", "openSourceIdentified": 1348, "openSourceWindow": "2015-06-01 to 2016-03-31", "monthlyMean": 135, "estimatedTotal": 1900, "estimateWindow": "2015-06 to 2016-05", "homicideSharePct": 64, "note": "The redesigned pilot's media review identified 1,348 potential arrest-related deaths in ten months (about 135 a month) and estimated about 1,900 for the full year, roughly double the old program's annual counts. Of the 425 deaths confirmed in the June-August 2015 quarter, 64 percent were classified as homicide; arrest-related deaths also include suicides and accidents, so this figure is broader than the civilian trackers' scope.", "src": "bjs_ard_redesign" } }, "stratifiedUndercount": { "span": "1980-2018", "groups": [ { "group": "Black non-Hispanic", "missed": 5670, "estimated": 9540, "pct": 59.4, "src": "lancet_gbd" }, { "group": "White non-Hispanic", "missed": 8540, "estimated": 15200, "pct": 56.2, "src": "lancet_gbd" }, { "group": "Hispanic, any race", "missed": 2580, "estimated": 5170, "pct": 49.9, "src": "lancet_gbd" }, { "group": "Other non-Hispanic", "missed": 281, "estimated": 861, "pct": 32.6, "src": "lancet_gbd" } ], "overallMissed": 17100, "overallEstimated": 30800, "rateRatioBlackVsWhite": 3.5, "src": "lancet_gbd", "note": "NVSS misclassification was highest for the deaths of Black Americans (59.4 percent filed under another cause) and pervasive for every group. The mortality rate itself was 3.5 times higher for Black than white Americans across 1980-2019, per the same study." }, "international": { "metric": "Killings by law enforcement per 10 million people, most recent year available at publication (2017-2019)", "caveat": "Rates are per 10 million using each country's own count and definition; years differ by country. Indicative, not harmonized.", "usCount2019": 1099, "rows": [ { "country": "United States", "ratePer10M": 33.5, "year": "2019", "basis": "Mapping Police Violence", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Canada", "ratePer10M": 9.8, "year": "2017", "basis": "CBC News database", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Australia", "ratePer10M": 8.5, "year": "2017-18", "basis": "National Deaths in Custody Program", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Netherlands", "ratePer10M": 2.3, "year": "2019", "basis": "Public Prosecution Service", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "New Zealand", "ratePer10M": 2.1, "year": "2018", "basis": "NZ Police Tactical Options Research Report", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Germany", "ratePer10M": 1.3, "year": "2018", "basis": "DPA via Deutsche Welle", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "England and Wales", "ratePer10M": 0.5, "year": "2019", "basis": "INQUEST", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Japan", "ratePer10M": 0.2, "year": "2018", "basis": "Axios", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Iceland", "ratePer10M": 0, "year": "2018", "basis": "NBC News", "src": "ppi_intl" }, { "country": "Norway", "ratePer10M": 0, "year": "2018", "basis": "Norwegian Bureau for Investigation of Police Affairs", "src": "ppi_intl" } ] }, "disparity": { "metric": "Rate of people killed, Black vs white Americans, as published by each counter under its own rule", "rows": [ { "counter": "Washington Post Fatal Force", "rule": "Fatal shootings only", "span": "2015-2024", "blackRate": 6.1, "whiteRate": 2.4, "per": "per 1,000,000 per year", "ratio": 2.5, "src": "wapo_db" }, { "counter": "Mapping Police Violence", "rule": "All killings", "span": "2024", "blackRate": null, "whiteRate": null, "per": "likelihood ratio, as published", "ratio": 2.9, "src": "mpv_2024" }, { "counter": "GBD 2019 (The Lancet)", "rule": "All police violence, reconstructed", "span": "1980-2019", "blackRate": 0.69, "whiteRate": 0.2, "per": "per 100,000, age-standardized", "ratio": 3.5, "src": "lancet_gbd" } ], "gbdGroupRates": [ { "group": "Black non-Hispanic", "rate": 0.69, "src": "lancet_gbd" }, { "group": "Hispanic, any race", "rate": 0.35, "src": "lancet_gbd" }, { "group": "White non-Hispanic", "rate": 0.2, "src": "lancet_gbd" }, { "group": "Other non-Hispanic", "rate": 0.15, "src": "lancet_gbd" } ], "note": "Every instrument in this series that publishes rates by race finds the same direction at a similar magnitude, under different rules and eras. A finding that survives every definitional choice is not an artifact of any of them. The counting failure compounds it: STRATIFIED_UNDERCOUNT shows the group with the highest rate is also the group whose deaths official records misclassified most." }, "trackers": [ { "id": "counters", "n": "01", "title": "Five counters, five definitions", "thesis": "Who counts the killings, and what each one decided the word means." }, { "id": "coverage", "n": "02", "title": "The federal blind spot", "thesis": "The one count the government runs, and the years it could not publish." }, { "id": "gap", "n": "03", "title": "The definition gap", "thesis": "Same country, same year, different totals, entirely from the counting rule." } ] }